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Termites are eusocial insects that are categorized at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in a separate order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from close ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic.
Approximately 3,106 species are currently clarified, with a few hundred more left to be clarified. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they're not ants. .
Like ants and a few bees and wasps from the distinct purchase Hymenoptera, termites divide labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"employees" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile men called"kings" and one or more fertile females known as"queens". Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung.
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Termites are among the most prosperous groups of insects on Earth, colonising many landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple hundred individuals to enormous societies using several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens reportedly living around 30 to 50 decades.
Colonies are described as superorganisms since the termites form part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of several human civilizations and are employed in many traditional medicines. Several hundred species are economically significant as pests that can cause considerable damage to buildings, plants, or plantation forests. Some species, like the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are regarded as invasive species. .
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The infraorder name Isoptera comes from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which describes the nearly equivalent size of the fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin term termes ("woodworm, white ant"), modified from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the prior word tarmes.
The external appearance of the giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of their intimate relationship between termites and cockroaches.
Termites were formerly put in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made that they were closely related to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) based on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that theory emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted similar morphological characteristics between a number of termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 affirmed the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the order Blattodea, which included the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and societal features: for example, most cockroaches do not exhibit social characteristics, but Cryptocercus takes care of its young and exhibits other societal behaviour like trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are regarded as the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some researchers have suggested that a more conservative step of retaining the termites since the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach sequence, which preserves the classification of termites in family level and below.15 Termites have long been accepted to be closely related to cockroaches see here and mantids, and they're categorized in precisely the exact same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.
The earliest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and such insects, they likely originated earlier in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin is the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from the morphological similarity to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The oldest termite nest discovered is thought to be from the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, in which the oldest known faecal pellets have been discovered.22 Claims that footprints arose earlier have faced controversy.
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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites important link may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings which have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the most primitive living , have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 It is even possible that the very first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of this fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the identical pattern.24 Krishna et al., though, consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and should be excluded from the Isoptera.26 The crude giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like attributes which are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes called"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is because of their sociality which is due to convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years back.31 Termite genomes are generally relatively large in comparison to that of other insects; the first fully sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, that was printed in the journal Nature Communications, consists of approximately 500Mb,32 while 2 subsequently released genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.